# Kinematics Practice Problems with Answers

In this article, a couple of kinematics practice problems with detailed answers are presented. The solution of each problem is itself a complete guide to applying the kinematics equations.

All these kinematics problems are easy and helpful for high school students.

You can also check these AP Physics 1 kinematics multiple-choice questions.

## Kinematics Practice Problems:

Problem (1): A car slows down its motion from 10 m/s to 6 m/s in 2 seconds under constant acceleration.
(a) What is its acceleration?
(b) How far did the car travel during this time interval?

Solution: This is the simplest kinematics problem, so we put a bit more time to solve it in detail.

Step 1: Because all these problems are in one dimension, so draw a directed horizontal axis (like the positive $x$ axis), and put the object on it, so that it moves in the correct direction.

Step 2: specify the known and wanted information. Here, in the elapsed time interval $2\,{\rm s}$, the initial and final velocities of the  car are given as $v_i=10\,{\rm m/s}$ and $v_f=6\,{\rm m/s}$. The wanted quantity is the constant acceleration of the object (car), $a=?$.

Step 3: Apply the kinematics equation which is appropriate for this situation.

(a) In this problem, we want to find the acceleration, given the time, initial and final velocities so the kinematics equation $v=v_0+at$ is perfect since the only unknown quantity is acceleration $a$. Thus, \begin{gather*} v=v_0+at\\\\ 6=10+a(2) \\\\ 6-10=2a \\\\\Rightarrow \quad a=\frac{6-10}{2}=-2\quad {\rm \frac{m}{s^2}}\end{gather*}
Note that because the problem is said the acceleration of the motion is constant so we could use the constant acceleration kinematics equations.

The negative indicates the direction of the acceleration which is, here, toward the negative $x$ axis.

(b) "How far did'' mean the distance traveled by car is wanted, denoted by $x$ in the kinematics equations.

Here, the best equation which relates the known and unknown information is $x=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t$ or $v^2-v_0^2=2ax$. We choose the first, so \begin{align*} x&=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t \\\\&=\frac 12 (-2)(2)^2+(10)(2) \\\\&=16\quad {\rm m}\end{align*}

More related Problems:

Velocity and acceleration problems

Problem (2): A moving object slows down its motion from $12\,{\rm m/s}$ to rest at a distance of 20 m. Find the acceleration of the object (assumed constant).

Solution: In the diagram below, all known information along with the direction of the uniform motion are shown.

As you can see, one of the common phrases in kinematics problems is "ending or coming to a rest'', which means the final velocity of the object in that time interval ( which we look at the object's motion) is zero, $v_f=0$.

The perfect kinematics equation that solves this problem is $v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)$ as the only unknown quantity is acceleration $a$.

Keep in mind that in all kinematics equation problems, we can set the initial position of the motion $x_0$ as zero for simplicity, $x_0=0$.
\begin{gather*} v^2-v_0^2=2ax\\\\0^2-(12)^2 =2a(20) \\\\ \rightarrow a=\frac{-144}{2\times 20}\\\\\Rightarrow a=-7.2\quad {\rm \frac{m}{s^2}}\end{gather*} As before, the minus signs indicates the direction of the acceleration which is toward the left.

Problem (3): A bullet leaves the muzzle of an 84-cm-rifle with a speed of 521 m/s. Find the magnitude of the bullet's acceleration by assuming it is constant inside the barrel of the rifle.

Solution: The bullet accelerates from rest to a speed of 521 m/s in a distance of 0.84 meters. These are our known quantities. The unknown is acceleration $a$. The perfect kinematics equation that relates all these together is $v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)$, so \begin{gather*}v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)\\\\ (521)^2-0=2(a)(0.84-0) \\\\ \Rightarrow \boxed{a=1.62\times 10^5\quad {\rm m/s^2}}\end{gather*} A very large acceleration.

Problem (4): A car starts its motion from rest and uniformly accelerates at a rate of $4\,{\rm m/s^2}$ for 2 seconds in a straight line.
(a) How far did the car travel during that 2 seconds.
(b) What is the car's velocity at the end of that time interval.

Solution: Another common phrase in the kinematics problems. Start from rest'' means the initial object's velocity is zero, $v_0=0$. The known information are $a=4\,{\rm m/s^2}$, $t=2\,{\rm s}$ and wants distance traveled $x=?$.

(a) The kinematics equation which relates those information is $x=\frac 12 at^2+v_0 t+x_0$ because the only unknown quantity is $x$ with the given known data above. \begin{align*} x&=\frac 12 at^2+v_0 t+x_0 \\\\&=\frac 12 (4)(2)^2+(0)(2) \\\\&=8\quad {\rm m}\end{align*} As previous, we set $x_0=0$.

(b) Now that the distance traveled by the car in that time interval is known, we can use the following kinematics equation to find the car's final velocity $v$. \begin{align*} v^2-v_0^2 &=2a(x-x_0) \\\\v^2-(0)^2&=2(4)(8-0) \\\\v^2&=64\end{align*} Taking the square root, we get $v$: $v=\sqrt{64}=\pm 8\quad {\rm \frac ms}$ We know that velocity is a vector quantity in physics and has both a direction and a magnitude.

The magnitude of the velocity (speed) was obtained as 8 m/s, but in what direction? Or we must choose which signs? Because the car is uniformly accelerating without stopping in the positive $x$ axis, thus the correct sign for velocity is positive.

Therefore, the car's final velocity is $v_f=+8\,{\rm m/s}$.

Problem (5): We want to design an airport runway with the following specifications. The lowest acceleration of a plane should be $4\,{\rm m/s^2}$ and its take-off speed is 75 m/s. How long would the runway be to allow the planes to accelerate through it?

Solution: The known quantities are $a=4\,{\rm m/s^2}$, and final velocity $v=75\,{\rm m/s}$. The wanted quantity is runway length $\Delta x=x-x_0$. The perfect kinematics equation that relates those together is $v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)$. \begin{align*} v^2-v_0^2&=2a\Delta x\\\\ (75)^2-0&=2(4) \Delta x\\\\ \Rightarrow \Delta x&=703\quad {\rm m}\end{align*} Thus, if the runway wants to be effective, its length must be at least about 703 meters.

Problem (6): A stone is dropped from a high cliff vertically. After 3.55 seconds, it hits the ground. How high is the cliff?

Solution: There is another type of kinematics problem in one dimension but in the vertical direction. In such problems, the constant acceleration is that of free falling, $a=g=-10\,{\rm m/s^2}$.

"Dropped'' or "released'' in free-falling problems means the initial velocity is zero, $v_0=0$.  In addition, it is always better to consider the point of dropping as the origin of the coordinate, so $y_0=0$.

The most relevant kinematics equation for these known and wanted quantities is $y=-\frac 12 gt^2+v_0t+y_0$ \begin{align*} y&=-\frac 12 gt^2+v_0t+y_0 \\\\&=-\frac 12 (9.8)(3.55)^2+0+0\\\\&=-61.8\quad {\rm m}\end{align*} The negative indicates that the hitting point is below the chosen origin.

Problem (7):  A ball is thrown into the air vertically from a ground level with an initial speed of 20 m/s.
(a) How long is the ball in the air?
(b) By how height does the ball reach?

Solution: The throwing point is considered as the origin of our coordinate system, so $y_0=0$. Given the initial velocity $v_0=+20\,{\rm m/s}$ and $a=g=-9.8\,{\rm m/s^2}$. The wanted time is how long it takes the ball to reach the ground again.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to know some notes about the free-falling object.

Note (1): Because the air resistance is neglected, the time the ball is going up is half the time it is going down.

Note (2): At the highest point of the path, the velocity of the object is zero.

(a) By applying the kinematics equation $v=v_0+at$ between initial and the highest ($v=0$) points of the vertical path, we can find the going up time. \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at \\0&=20+(-9.8)t\\\Rightarrow t&=2.04\quad {\rm s}\end{align*} The total flight time is twice this time $t_{tot}=2t=2(2.04)=4.1\,{\rm s}$ Hence, the ball takes about 4 seconds to reach the ground.

(b) The kinematics equation $v^2-v_0^2=2a(y-y_0)$ is best for this part. \begin{align*} v^2-v_0^2&=2a(y-y_0) \\0-20^2&=2(-9.8)(y-0) \\ \Rightarrow y&=20\quad {\rm m}\end{align*} Hence, the ball goes up to a height of about 20 meters.

Problem (8): An object moving in a straight line with constant acceleration, has a velocity of $v=+10\,{\rm m/s}$ when it is at position $x=+6\,{\rm m}$ and of $v=+15\,{\rm m/s}$ when it is at $x=10\,{\rm m}$. Find the acceleration of the object?

Solution: Draw a diagram, put all known data into it, and find a relevant kinematics equation that relates them together.

We want to analyze the motion in a distance interval of $\Delta x=x_2-x_1=10-6=4\,{\rm m}$, thus, we can consider the velocity at position $x_1=6\,{\rm m}$ as the initial velocity and at $x_2=10\,{\rm m}$ as the final velocity.

The most relevant kinematics equation that relates these known quantities to the wanted acceleration $a$ is $v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)$, where $x-x_0$ is the same given distance interval. Thus, \begin{align*} v^2-v_0^2&=2a(x-x_0) \\\\ (15)^2-(10)^2&=2(a)(4) \\\\225-100&=8a\\\\\Rightarrow a&=\frac{125}{8}\\\\&=15.6\,{\rm m/s^2}\end{align*}

Problem (9): A moving object accelerates uniformly from 75 m/s at time $t=0$ to 135 m/s at $t=10\,{\rm s}$. How far did it move at the time interval $t=2\,{\rm s}$ to $t=4\,{\rm s}$?

Solution: Draw a diagram and implement all known data in it as below.

Because the problem tells us that the object accelerates uniformly, so its acceleration is constant along the entire path.

Given the initial and final velocities of the moving object, its acceleration is determined using the definition of instantaneous acceleration as below $a=\frac{v_2-v_1}{t_2-t_1}=\frac{135-75}{10}=6\,{\rm m/s^2}$ In this kinematics problem, to analyze the motion between the requested time (stage II in the figure), we must have a little bit of information for that time interval, their velocities, or the distance between them.

As you can see in the figure, the initial velocity of stage II is the final velocity of stage I. By using a relevant kinematics equation that relates those data to each other, we would have \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at\\\\&=75+(6)(2) \\\\&=87\,{\rm m/s}\end{align*} This velocity would be initial velocity for stage II of the motion. Now, all known information for this stage II, are initial velocity $v_0=87\,{\rm m/s}$, acceleration $a=6\,{\rm m/s^2}$, and time interval $\Delta t=2\,{\rm s}$. The wanted is the distance traveled $x=?$

The appropriate equation which relates all these together is $x=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t+x_0$. \begin{align*}x&=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t+x_0\\\\&=\frac 12 (6)(2)^2+(87)(2)+0\\\\&=186\quad {\rm m}\end{align*} Hence, our moving object, travels a distance of 186 m between the instances 2 s and 4 s.

Problem (10): From rest, a fast car accelerates with a uniform rate of $1.5\,{\rm m/s^2}$ in 4 seconds. After a while, the driver applies the brakes for 3 seconds, causing the car to uniformly slow down with a rate of $-2\,{\rm m/s^2}$.
(a) How fast is the car at the end of the braking period?
(b) How far has the car traveled after braking?

Solution: This motion is divided into two parts. First, draw a diagram and specify each section with its known kinematics quantities.

(a) In the first part, given the acceleration, initial velocity, and time interval, we can find its final velocity at the end of 4 seconds. \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at\\&=0+(1.5)(4) \\&=6\quad {\rm m/s}\end{align*} This velocity is considered as the initial velocity for the second part whose final velocity is wanted.

In the next part, the acceleration and braking time period is given, so its final velocity is found as below \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at\\&=6+(-2)(3) \\&=0\end{align*} The zero velocity, here, indicates that the car after the braking period comes to a stop.

(b) Now, the distance traveled in the second part is found using the kinematics equation $x=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t+x_0$, because the only the unknown quantity is distance $x$. \begin{align*} x&=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t+x_0\\\\&=\frac 12 (-2)(3)^2+(6)(3)+0\\\\&=+9\quad {\rm m}\end{align*} Therefore, after braking, the car has traveled a distance of 9 meters before getting stopped.

Problem (11): A car moves at a speed of 20 m/s down a straight path. Suddenly, the driver sees an obstacle in front of him and applies the brakes. Before the car reaches a stop, it experiences an acceleration of $-10\,{\rm m/s^2}$.
(a) After applying the brakes, how far did it travel before stopping?
(b) How long does it take the car to reach a stop?

Solution: As always, the first and must step to solve a kinematics problem is drawing a diagram and putting all known values into it as below.

(a) The kinematics equation $v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)$ is the perfect equation as the only unknown quantity in it is distance traveled $x$. Thus, \begin{align*} v^2-v_0^2&=2a(x-x_0) \\\\ 0^2-(20)^2&=2(-10)(x-0) \\\\\Rightarrow \quad x&=\frac {-400}{-20}\\\\&=20\quad {\rm m}\end{align*}
(b) "how long does it take'' asks for us to find the time interval. The initial and final velocities as well as acceleration are known, so the only relevant kinematics equation is $v=v_0+at$. Thus, \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at\\\\0&=20+(-10)t\\\\\Rightarrow t&=\frac{-20}{-10}\\\\&=2\quad {\rm s}\end{align*} Therefore, the car has moved 2 seconds after braking before reaching a stop.

Problem (12): A sports car moves a distance of 100 m in 5 seconds with a uniform speed. Then, the driver brakes, and the car, come to a stop after 4 seconds. Find the magnitude and direction of its acceleration (assumed constant)?

Solution: uniform speed means constant speed or zero acceleration for the motion before braking. Thus, we can use the definition of average velocity to find its speed just before braking as below \begin{align*} \bar{v}&=\frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t}\\\\&=\frac{100}{5}\\\\&=20\quad {\rm m/s}\end{align*} Now, we know the initial and final velocities of car in the braking stage. Since the acceleration is assumed to be constant so by applying the definition of average acceleration, we would have \begin{align*} \bar{a}&=\frac{v_2-v_1}{\Delta t}\\\\&=\frac{0-20}{4}\\\\&=-5\quad {\rm m/s^2}\end{align*} The negative shows the direction of the acceleration that is toward the negative $x$-axis.

Hence, the car's acceleration has a magnitude of $5\,{\rm m/s^2}$ to the negative $x$ direction.

Problem (13): A race car accelerate from rest at a constant rate of $2\,{\rm m/s^2}$ in 15 seconds. It then travels at a constant speed for 20 seconds, and after that, it comes to a stop with an acceleration of $2\,{\rm m/s^2}$.
(a) What is the total distance traveled by car?
(b) What is its average velocity over the entire path?

Solution: To solve this kinematics question, we divided the whole path into three parts.

Part I: "from rest'' means the initial velocity is zero. Thus, for the first part of the path, given the acceleration and time interval, we can use the kinetic equation $v=v_0+at$ to find the distance traveled by the car at the end of 15 seconds \begin{align*} x&=\frac{1}{2}at^2 +v_0 t+x_0\\\\&=\frac 12 (2)(15)^2 +(0)(15)+0\\\\&=\boxed{125\quad{\rm m}}\end{align*}
As a side calculation, we find the final velocity for this part as below \begin{align*}v&=v_0+at\\\\&=0+(2) (15) \\\\&=30\quad {\rm m/s}\end{align*}
Part II: the speed in this part is the final speed in the first part because after that moment the car continues moving at this constant speed.

The constant speed means we are facing a zero acceleration. Thus, using the kinematics equations for constant acceleration is better not to use, and instead use the average velocity definition.

The distance traveled for this part that takes 20 seconds at a constant speed of 30 m/s is computed by the definition of average velocity as below \begin{align*} \bar{v}&=\frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t}\\\\30&=\frac{\Delta x}{20}\end{align*} Thus, we find the distance traveled as $\boxed{x=600\,{\rm m}}$.

Part III: In this part, the car comes to a stop, $v=0$, so its acceleration must be a negative value as $a=-2\,{\rm m/s^2}$. Here, the final velocity is also zero. Its initial velocity is the same as the previous part.

Consequently, the best kinematics equation that relates those known to the wanted distance traveled $x$, is $v^2-v_0^2=2a(x-x_0)$. \begin{align*} v^2-v_0^2&=2a(x-x_0) \\\\0^2-(30)^2&=2(-2)(x-0) \\\\ \Rightarrow \quad x&=\boxed{225\quad {\rm m}}\end{align*} The total distance traveled by the car for the entire path is the sum of the above distances $D=125+600+225=\boxed{950\quad {\rm m}}$

Problem (14): A ball is dropped vertically downward from a tall building of height 30 m with an initial speed of 8 m/s. After what time interval does the ball strike the ground? (take $g=-10\,{\rm m/s^2}$.)

Solution: This is a free-falling kinematics problem. As always, choose a coordinate system along with the motion and the origin as the starting point.

Here, the dropping point is considered as origin so in all kinematics equations we set $y_0=0$. By this choice, the striking point is 30 meters below the origin so, in equations, we set also $y=-30\,{\rm m}$.

Remember that velocity is a vector in physics whose magnitude is called speed. In this problem, the initial speed is 8 m/s downward. These means that the velocity vector is written as $v=-8\,{\rm m/s}$.

Now that all necessary quantities are ready, we can use the kinematics equation $y=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t+y_0$, to find the wanted time the ball strike the ground. \begin{align*} y&=\frac 12 at^2+v_0t+y_0\\\\-30&=\frac 12 (-10)t^2+(-8)t+0\end{align*} After rearranging, a quadratic equation like $5t^2+8t-30=0$ is obtained whose solutions are gotten as below \begin{gather*} t=\frac{-8\pm\sqrt{8^2-4(5)(-30)}}{2(5)}\\\\ \boxed{t_1=1.77\,{\rm s}} \quad , \quad t_2=-3.37\,{\rm s}\end{gather*} $t_1$ is the accepted time because the other is negative which is not acceptable in kinematics problems. Therefore, the ball takes about 1.7 seconds to hit the ground.

Note: The solutions of a quadratic equation like $at^2+bt+c=0$, where $a,b,c$ are some constants, are found by the following formula $t=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$

Problem (15): The acceleration versus time graph for an object that moves at a constant speed of 30 m/s is shown in the figure below. Find the object's average velocity between instances $t_1=10\,{\rm s}$ and $t_2=30\,{\rm s}$.

Solution: the best and shortest approach to solving such kinematics problems is first drawing its velocity-vs-time graph. Next, the area under the obtained graph gives us the total displacement, dividing by the total time interval yields the average velocity.

The path consists of three parts with different accelerations.

In the first part, the object slows down its motion at a constant rate of $-2\,{\rm m/s^2}$ in 10 seconds. Its initial velocity is also 30 m/s. With these known quantities in hand, the kinematics equation $v=v_0+at$ gives us the velocity at the end of this time interval. \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at\\&=30+(-2)(10) \\&=10\quad {\rm m/s}\end{align*} This calculation corresponds to an straight line between the points $(v=30\,{\rm m/s},t=0)$ and $(v=10\,{\rm m/s},t=10\,{\rm s})$ on the $v-t$ graph as shown below.

Next, the object moves with a zero acceleration in 5 seconds that means the velocity does not change during this time interval. This implies that we must draw a horizontal line in the $v-t$ graph.

In the last part, the object accelerates from 10 m/s at a constant rate of $+2\,{\rm m/s^2}$ in 15 seconds. Thus, its final velocity at the end of this time interval is determined as below \begin{align*} v&=v_0+at\\&=10+(2)(15) \\&=40\quad {\rm m/s}\end{align*} Now, it's time to draw velocity-vs-time graph. As an important point, note that all these motions have a constant acceleration, so all parts of a velocity-time graph, are composed of straight-line segments with different slopes.

For part I, we must draw a straight-line segment between velocities 30 m/s and 10 m/s.

Part II is a horizontal line since its velocities are constant during that time interval, and finally, in part III, there is a straight line between velocities of 10 m/s and 40 m/s.

All these verbal phrases are illustrated in the following velocity-vs-time graph

Recall that the area under velocity vs. time graph always gives the displacement. Hence, the area under the $v-t$ graph between 10 s and 30 s gives the displacement. Therefore, the areas of rectangle $S_1$ and trapezoid $S_2$ are calculated as below \begin{gather*} S_1 =10\times 5=50\quad {\rm m} \\\\S_2=\frac{10+40}{2}\times 15=375\quad {\rm m}\end{gather*} Therefore, the total displacement in the time interval $[15,30]$ is $D=S_{tot}=S_1+S_2=425\,{\rm m}$ From the definition of average velocity, we have $\bar{v}=\frac{displacement}{time}=\frac{425}{20}=21.25\,{\rm m/s}$

## Summary

In this tutorial, all concepts about kinematics equations are taught in a problem-solution strategy. All these answered problems are helpful for MCAT physics exams.

We can also find these kinematics variables using a position-time graph, or velocity-time graph. Because slopes in that graphs represent the velocity and acceleration, respectively, and the concavity of a curve in a position vs. time graph shows the sign of its acceleration in an x-t graph, as well.

Author: Dr. Ali Nemati
Date published: 8-7-2021